chapter 1 powerpoint

I.                   The Human Body: An Orientation

1)     An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

a)      Introduction

b)     Definitions

i)       Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

ii)     Physiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function

c)      Topics of Anatomy

i)       Gross or macroscopic anatomy- large structures, easily observable, studied through dissection

ii)     Microscopic anatomy -  very small structures, can only be seen with a microscope

(1)  Cytology- study of cells

(2)  Histology- study of tissues

d)     Topics of Physiology

i)       Renal- kidney functions

ii)     Cardiovascular- heart and blood vessel functions

iii)   Neural- nervous system fucntions

iv)   Other organ system physiology

e)      Complementarity of structure and function

*Close relationship between structure and function*

2)     Levels of structural organization

a)      Levels of structural hierarchy (See Fig. 1.1)

i)       Chemical level

(1)  Atoms

(2)  Molecules

ii)     Cellular level

iii)   Tissue level-tissues consist of similar types of cells

iv)   Organ level- organs are made up of defferent types of tissues

v)     Organ system level- organ systems consist of deffernt organs that work together closely

vi)   Organismal level

b)     Summary of the body’s organ systems (See Fig. 1.2)

i)       Integumentary System- forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, helps regulate body  temperature, location of cutaneous nerve receptors

ii)     Skeletal System- protects and supports body organs, provides muscle attatchment for movement,  site of blood cell formation, stores minerals

iii)   Muscular System- produces movement, maintains posture, produces heat

iv)   Nervous System- fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external change, activates muscles and glands

v)     Endocrine System-secretes regulatory hormones: growth, reproduction, metabolism

vi)   Cardiovascular System- transports materials in the body through blood vessels, and the heart. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes

vii) Lymphatic System / Immune System- returns fluids to blood vessels. Cleanses the blood. Involved in immunity

viii)           Respiratory System- keeps blood supplied with oxygen. Removes carbon dioxide

ix)    Digestive System-breaks down food. Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood. Eliminates indigestible food.

x)      Urinary System- eliminates nitrogenous wastes. Maintains acid-base balance. Regulates water and electrolytes

xi)    Reproductive System- produces offspring

3)  Necessary Life Functions

                a) maintain boundaries- gradients=defferences

                b) movement-locomotion-organism moves

                movement of substances- within or outside

                c) responsiveness-ability to sense changes and react

                d) digestion- breakdown and absorption of nutrients

                e) metabolism-chamical reactions within the body. Produces energy from food, makes body structures

                f) excretion-eliminates wastes from metabolic reactions

                g) reproduction- produces future generation

                h) growth- increases cell size and number or cells

3)     Homeostasis

a)      Definition- maintenance of a stable internal environment. A dynamic equilibrium. Necessary for normal body functioning

b)     Homeostatic control mechanisms (See Fig. 1.4)

i)       Elements of a control system

(1)  Receptor

(2)  Control center

(3)  Effector

ii)     Negative feedback mechanism (See Fig. 1.5)

(1)  Opposite directional change

(2)  Effector decreases original stimulus

iii)   Positive feedback mechanism (See Fig. 1.6)

(1)   Same directional change

(2)  Effector enhances original stimulus

4)     The language of Anatomy

a)      Anatomical position

i)       Human body erect

ii)     Arms at sides

iii)   Palms forward

iv)   Feet together

b)     Directional terms (See Table 1.1)

i)       Definition:  Directional terms allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another.

ii)     Superior / inferior

iii)   Anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal)

iv)   Proximal / distal

v)     Lateral / intermediate/medial

vi)   Superficial (external) / deep (internal)

c)      Regional terms (See Fig. 1.7)

i)       Definition: Regional terms are used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions

(1)  Axial part = head, neck and trunk

(2)  Appendicular part = appendages or limbs

ii)     Anterio

·         Nasal (nose)

·        Oral (mouth)

·        Cervical (neck)

·        Axillary (armpit)

·        Frontal (forehead)

·        Orbital (eye)

·        Buccal (cheek)

·        Sternal (breastbone)

·        Thoracic (chest)

·        Mammary (breast)

·        Abdominal (abdomen)

·        Brachial (arm)

·        Umbilical (navel)

·        Pelvic (pelvis)

·        Femoral (thigh)

·        Carpal (wrist)

·        Digital (fingers)

·        Coxal (hip)

·        Pubic (genital region)

·        Patellar (anterior knee)

·        Pedal (foot)

iii)   Posterior body landmarks

·        Cephalic (head)

·        Otic (ear)

·        Sacral (between hips)

·        Occipital (base of the skull)

·        Vertebral (spinal column)

·        Scapular (shoulder blade)

·        Dorsal (back)

·        Gluteal (buttock)

·        Calcaneal (heel)

·        Plantar (sole)

·        Acromial (point of shoulder)

·        Popliteal (back of the knee)

d)     Body planes (See Fig. 1.8)

i)       Sagittal plane

(1)  Midsagittal = median plane

(2)  Parasagittal

ii)     Transverse plane = horizontal plane

iii)   Oblique

(1) 

iv)   Frontal plane

e)      Body cavities (See Fig. 1.9)

i)       Dorsal body cavity

(1)  Cranial cavity

(2)  Vertebral cavity

ii)     Ventral body cavity

(1)  Thoracic cavity

(a)   Pleural cavities

(b)  Pericardial cavity

(2)  Abdominopelvic cavity

(a)   Abdominal cavity

(b)  Pelvic cavity

f)       Membranes in the ventral body cavity (See Fig. 1.10)

i)       Serous membrane = Serosa

(1)  Parietal serosa

(2)  Visceral serosa

ii)      Serous fluid

(1)  Location

(2)  Functions

iii)   Examples of serous membranes

(1)  Pericardium

(2)  Pleura

(3)  Peritoneum

g)      Quadrants